At rest (K₀)Earth pressure at rest behind a wall that does not move. RankineActive and passive pressure on a vertical wall, level ground. Rankine, sloping backfillRankine pressure under an inclined backfill.Open CoulombWedge theory with wall friction and a battered wall. Mononobe–OkabeActive pressure in an earthquake. Passive, log spiralPassive resistance on a log-spiral failure surface. Passive, earthquakePassive force in an earthquake. All 11 families